Abstract. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. delusions. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. Chronic environmental stress, for example having a schizophrenogenic mother, results in the onset of schizophrenia. Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. (Total 4 marks) 12 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is another biological explanation for schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. Their get up and go has got up and gone! Imagined stimuli could involve any of the senses. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. [2 marks], - All drugs have side effects that can be severe and may lead to patients avoiding medication and hence to relapse, Outline and evaluate the use of antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia [8 marks], 'Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. amphetamines) can produce-schizophrenia like symptoms in non-sufferers. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. Schizophrenia | Psychology | tutor2u Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. [4 marks], "Two years ago Jenny was diagnosed with schizophrenia. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. The original dopamine hypothesis stated that schizophrenia suffered from an excessive amount of dopamine. Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory, Research Methods: Scientific Method & Techniques, The Ethological Explanation of Aggression, Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour | Psychology | tutor2u They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. They are then given homework tasks to practice, and keep a record of how it worked. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders.
Lake Nona Country Club Membership Cost,
Complaints Against Effy Jewelry,
Madison Club La Quinta Kardashians,
Lump On Shin After Getting Hit,
Words That Describe Tupac's Poetry,
Articles F