See Appendix 2 for Practice Exercise 3.1 answers. Clay minerals are composed of hydrous aluminum silicates. Amphibole is even more permissive than pyroxene and its compositions can be very complex. The substitution of one element for another in a mineral (e.g., iron can be substituted for magnesium in the mineral olivine). These high-temperature feldspars are likely to be found only in volcanic rocks because intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly enough to low temperatures for the feldspars to change into one of the lower-temperature forms. Olivine is referred to as a mineral family because of the ability of iron and magnesium to substitute for each other. There are only a few that make up most of the rocks likely to be encountered by surface dwelling creatures like us. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. ferromagnesian minerals Silicate minerals in which cations of iron and magnesium form essential chemical components. Quartz contains only silica tetrahedra. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. Their chemical formula is very complex and generally written as (RSi4O11)2, where R represents many different cations. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. The names pyroxene, amphibole, mica, and feldspar can be confusing at first, as these are technically names of mineral families and not names of a specific mineral. Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. A silicatemineral is one in which silicon and oxygen are present as silica tetrahedra. Quartz is composed of pure silica, SiO2 with the tetrahedra arranged in a three-dimensional framework. Other sheet silicates include serpentine and chlorite, found in metamorphic rocks. These minerals are non-ferromagnesianthey don't contain any iron or magnesium. Therefore, albite is NaAlSi3O8 (one Al and three Si) while anorthite is CaAl2Si2O8 (two Al and two Si), and plagioclase feldspars of intermediate composition have intermediate proportions of Al and Si. Her RPR is 32, and the infant's is 128. Chemically, sheet silicates usually contain silicon and oxygen in a 2:5 ratio (Si4O10). Mafic minerals are also referred to as dark-colored ferromagnesian minerals. Members of the pyroxene family have a complex chemical composition that includes iron, magnesium, aluminum, and other elements bonded to polymerized silica tetrahedra. 3.1 Silicate Mineral Groups - A Practical Guide to Introductory Geology In a variation on independent tetrahedra called sorosilicates, there are minerals that share one oxygen between two tetrahedra and include minerals like pistachio-green epidote, a gemstone. There is even more sharing of oxygens between adjacent tetrahedra and hence fewer charge-balancing cations are needed for sheet silicate minerals. K-feldspar or K-spar) and two types of plagioclase feldspar: albite (sodium only) and anorthite(calcium only). Although the cations may freely substitute for each other in the crystal, they carry different ionic charges that must be balanced out in the final crystalline structure. Thats why pyroxenes can have iron (radius 0.63 ) or magnesium (radius 0.72 ) or calcium (radius 1.00 ) cations. Figures 3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.1.5, 3.1.6: Steven Earle. Quartz is especially abundant in detrital sedimentary rocks because it is very resistant to disintegration by weathering. The three main feldspar minerals are potassium feldspar The diagram below represents a single chain in a silicate mineral. The vast majority of the minerals that make up the rocks of Earths crust are silicate minerals. 3.2 Magmass press Magma Formation. It can be found in the Andes Mountains and in some island arcs (see. Ferro means iron and magnesian refers to magnesium. In fact, the ions that are common in silicate minerals have a wide range of sizes, as depicted in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. In amphibole structures, the silica tetrahedra are linked in a double chain that has an oxygen-to-silicon ratio lower than that of pyroxene, and hence still fewer cations are necessary to balance the charge. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. This is a little bit surprising because, although they are very similar in size, calcium and sodium ions dont have the same charge (Ca2+ versus Na+ ). 3 Minerals - An Introduction to Geology An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "3.01:_Prelude_to_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.02:_Chemistry_of_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.03:_Formation_of_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.04:_Silicate_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.05:_Non-Silicate_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.06:_Identifying_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.0S:_3.S:_Summary" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Understanding_Science" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Plate_Tectonics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Weathering_Erosion_and_Sedimentary_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Metamorphic_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Geologic_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Earth_History" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Crustal_Deformation_and_Earthquakes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Mass_Wasting" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:__Coastlines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Deserts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Glaciers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Global_Climate_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:johnsonaffolterinkenbmosher" ], https://geo.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeology%2FBook%253A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)%2F03%253A_Minerals%2F3.04%253A_Silicate_Minerals, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher. These include minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, and a great variety of clay minerals. Silicate minerals are classified as being either ferromagnesian or non-ferromagnesian depending on whether or not they have iron (Fe) and/or magnesium (Mg) in their formula. Olivine is the primary mineral component in mantle rock such as peridotite and basalt. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms, 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions, 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion, 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins, 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes, 9.1 Understanding Earth through Seismology, 10.1 Alfred Wegener the Father of Plate Tectonics, 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century, 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 10.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes, 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties, 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability, 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting, 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars, Appendix 1 List of Geologically Important elements and the Periodic Table. This mineral group is composed of the carbonate ion and one or more kinds of positive ions. 3.4: Silicate Minerals - Geosciences LibreTexts 3.8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals -nonsilicate mineral groups don't have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as the fundamental unit of their structures. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. Because each silicon ion is +4 and each oxygen ion is 2, the three oxygens (6) and the one silicon (+4) give a net charge of 2 for the single chain of silica tetrahedra. They are built with a three-dimensional framework of silica tetrahedra in which all four corner oxygens are shared with adjacent tetrahedra. Quartz contains only silica tetrahedra. In muscovite mica, the only cations present are aluminum and potassium; hence it is a non-ferromagnesian silicate mineral.
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