which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for errors committed by the Catholic Church, including forced conversion. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. [1], The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. The Spanish conquest. So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. Brown, Kendall W., "The Spanish Imperial Mercury Trade and the American Mining Expansion Under the Bourbon Monarchy," in, Van Ausdal, Shawn, and Robert W. Wilcox. Direct link to Stephen White's post I've read that the reason, Posted 3 years ago. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. The royal official in charge of a district was the Corregidor, who was appointed by the viceroy, usually for a five-year term. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. Why did many conquistadores fail to establish colonies in the New World? Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. Smaller islands claimed by Spain were lost to the English and the Dutch, with France taking half of Hispaniola and establishing the sugar-producing colony of St-Domingue, as well as also taking other islands. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. Denial of atrocities against indigenous peoples - Wikipedia The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. However, the name was typically used to refer to the peninsula itself as well as the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Carolina, and southern Virginia. There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. [133][134] When the formal institution of the Inquisition was established in 1571, indigenous peoples were excluded from its jurisdiction on the grounds that they were neophytes, new converts, and not capable of understanding religious doctrine. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold . 5, pp. Two major factors affected the density of Spanish settlement in the long term. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Terraciano, Kevin. 1. 15001850), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Timeline of imperialism Colonization of North America, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, "Interacciones entre espaoles de Chilo y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Cristbal Talcapilln y Martn Olleta", "Spain, the United States & the American Frontier: Historias Paralelas", "Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery", "The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513", "The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century La Florida", "Background | the Last Conquistador | POV | PBS", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996, "Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administracin espaola en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII", "Las instituciones polticas en la regin de Cuyo", "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma", "Pope asks forgiveness for errors of the Church", "El gobierno y la imagen de la Monarqua Hispnica en los viajeros de los siglos XVI y XVII. In Peru, silver was found in a single silver mountain, the Cerro Rico de Potos, still producing silver in the 21st century. Charles revoked the grant in 1545, ending the episode of German colonization. History of Latin America | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. 10 Facts About the Spanish Conquistadors - ThoughtCo Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martnez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asuncin, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. Important indigenous crops that transformed Europe were the potato and maize, which produced abundant crops that led to the expansion of populations in Europe. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. Spalding, Karen. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Select the correct answer. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. Cushner, Nicolas P. Argentina: The Colonial Period in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. [89] In Mexico, the crown established the General Indian Court (Juzgado General de Indios), which heard disputes affecting individual indigenous as well as indigenous communities. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico. [153] A 2010 film, Even the Rain starring Gael Garca Bernal, is set in modern Cochabamba, Bolivia during the Cochabamba Water War, following a film crew shooting a controversial life of Columbus. Spanish settlers initially found relatively dense populations of indigenous peoples, who were agriculturalists living in villages ruled by leaders not part of a larger integrated political system. "[112] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. The Spanish conquistadores and colonial empire - Khan Academy They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. In Mexico, Hernn Corts and the men of his expedition founded of the port town of Veracruz in 1519 and constituted themselves as the town councilors, as a means to throw off the authority of the governor of Cuba, who did not authorize an expedition of conquest. - The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680. Where getting that wealth required human labor, they enslaved the local people. how do I Define the term empire in the context of the Spanish conquest of South America? How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Las Casas spent his long life attempting to defend the indigenous populations and to enlist the Spanish crown in establishing protections for them, seen most prominently in the enactment of the New Laws of 1542, restricting Spaniards' inheritance of encomiendas. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. [68] To carry out the expedition (entrada), which entailed exploration, conquest, and initial settlement of the territory, the king, as sovereign, and the appointed leader of an expedition (adelantado) agreed to an itemized contract (capitulacin), with the specifics of the conditions of the expedition in a particular territory. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. Spain also produced impressive art at this time.

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