pneumonia An example of this can be found in the N substrain of the CBA strain (CBA/N), which carries a X-linked inability to produce normal antibody responses to some types of antigens, including pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and other thymus-independent antigens. Reducing stress (such as crowding) in young rabbits and feeding unlimited hay or straw help prevent the disease. Surgical procedures on the ear may be necessary if medical treatment alone does not resolve the infection. However, in our opinion there are some limitations: fewer models are available in respect to mice and rats, mainly because of a lack of well-equipped animal houses, of expert handlers of the animal, and a scarcity of literature on the care of experimental utilization of rabbits [76,96]. Clinical findings were similar to the one developed in humans, and include cough, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, and fever. Mortality Tunjungputri R.N., De Jonge M.I., De Greeff A., van Selm S., Buys H., Harders-Westerveen J.F., Stockhofe-Zurwieden N., Urbanus R.T., De Groot P.G., Smith H.E., et al. In our opinion, research utilizing non-human primates (NHPs) for pneumococcal pneumonia is limited compared to other to other types of experimental models. Abgueguen P., Azoulay-Dupuis E., Noel V., Moine P., Rieux V., Fantin B., Bedos J.P. Amoxicillin is effective against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia strains in a mouse pneumonia model simulating human, pharmacokinetics. Moine P., Valle E., Azoulay-Dupuis E., Bourget P., Bdos J.P., Bauchet J., Pocidalo J.J. Wire cage bottoms should be brushed daily with a wire brush to help break the life cycle of the protozoa. We also searched the reference lists of articles identified by this search strategy. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: Implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Yalcin B., Nicod J., Bhomra A., Davidson S., Cleak J., Farinelli L., sters M., Whitley A., Yuan W., Gan X., et al. Mold C., Rodic-Polic B., Du Clos T.W. Kalin M. Pneumococcal serotypes and their clinical relevance. The main downside of its lower invasiveness is however that the operator must be skilled at injecting the inoculum with the right timing while the animal is inhaling. The contaminated hutch and its equipment should be thoroughly disinfected. Sauve C., Azoulay-Dupuis E., Moine P., Darras-Joly C., Rieux V., Carbon C., Bdos J.P. Efficacies of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in a mouse model of pneumonia induced by two penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Yershov A.L., Jordan B.S., Guymon C.H., Dubick M.A. Special issue on porcine immunology: An introduction from the guest editor. By far, the most common tumor in rabbits is uterine adenocarcinoma (malignant tumor in the uterus). In addition, lungs and upper respiratory tract of swine are similar to the human organs, except for the presence of a fourth lobe in the right lung [116,117]. Prevention is the same as for any other rabbit intestinal disease. Rabbit calicivirus disease was first reported in 1984 in China. It is suggested that pneumococcus is not naturally carried by NPHs. Azoulay-Dupuis E., Valle E., Bedos J.P., Muffat-Joly M., Pocidalo J.J. Prophylactic and therapeutic activities of azithromycin in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia. There is no treatment. Moine P., Mazoit J.X. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in aged macrophages is diminished during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Pneumococcal pneumonia rabbit models are suitable for researchers to study pathogenesis, survival, disease progression (i.e., measurements of white blood cells levels in lungs and blood and histological changes in lungs), and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of novel therapeutic and immunization agents [76] (Table 3). Moreover, penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains and other resistant phenotypes have been established in the existing rat models in order to evaluate the efficacy of new antibiotics [78,83]. Indeed, the case fatality rates of pneumonia in patients with hematological malignancies have been estimated at 4080% and may be as high as 90% in some recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) [ 35 ]. Sequestration and homing of bone marrow-derived lineage negative progenitor cells in the lung during pneumococcal pneumonia. Reporting a disease allows these agencies to identify trends in disease occurrence. hypogammaglobulinemia may be encountered. Treatment involves hospitalization for anti-inflammatory medication, pain relievers, intravenous fluids, nursing care, and cage rest. Fresh pineapple juice (which contains the digestive enzyme bromelain) and papaya (which contains the enzyme papain) may help break down the mucus holding the hairball together. In females, the vulva becomes inflamed and swollen with fluid; in males, the scrotum swells. Rabbits fed a suitable diet and kept in a healthy environment can live as long as 10 to 12 years. Rabbits groom themselves almost constantly, so their stomachs often contain hair. These and other medical problems are discussed in this section. Pasteurella bacteria often cause genital infections, which may also be caused by several other organisms. Coccidiosis is a common disease in rabbits across the world. There is an important interest in assessing whether NHP including rhesus monkeys could be suitable to assess pneumococcal components (e.g., IgA protease, capsular polysaccharide) and the relationship with pathogenesis (i.e., production of antibodies) during pneumococcal infection [129,130,131]. Other studies [74] assessed pneumococcal pneumonia pathogenesis in emphysematous patients by inducing emphysema through IT instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase. Spence S. The Dutch-Belted rabbit: An alternative breed for developmental toxicity testing. Effect of bacterial pneumonia on lung simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in alcohol consuming SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Study of the literature on the topic also showed a very high variability between lab to lab. Proctor M., Manning P.J. Lung deposition and efficiency of nebulized amikacin during Escherichia coli pneumonia inventilated piglets. Impact of experimental human pneumococcal carriage on nasopharyngeal bacterial densities in healthy adults. Philipp M.T., Doyle L.A., Martin D.S., Plauch G.B., Phillippi-Falkenstein K.M., Bohm R.P., Jr. A rhesus macaque model of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. A high mortality rate has been noted in cases caused by Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureu s or Pseudomonas. Southam D.S., Dolovich M., OByrne P.M., Inman M.D. Offenbart K., Christensen P., Gullstrand P., Prellner K., Seger R.A. Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the tissue around the eye)causes redness and discharge from the eyes. Toxicol. Bergeron Y., Ouellet N., Deslauriers A.M., Simard M., Olivier M., Bergeron M.G.

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